Nutrition through life cycle means providing a good nourishment through out the different stages of life.

As food is not only the basic requirement of life but it also plays an impactful role in making a person life joyful and happy. but this will only happens when you taken it correctly in a right manner.

NUTRITION DURING PREGNANCY:

Nutrition During Pregnancy

A person life cycle starts after pregnancy. After a period of 9 months a mother gives birth to a newborn.
After pregnancy a mother nutritional requirements increases than normal. during 9 months of infant development the first 17-30 days( first month) is considered as the critical period a period of intense development and rapid growth cellular activities occur only during this period and a period where there is a higher risk to get pregnancy induced diseases. 
The energy and nutrient requirement of a pregnant women increases will be:
CALORIES
1st trimester: little or no increment of total calorie requirement
2nd trimester: +340kcalories increases
3rd trimester:  +450kcalories increases

NUTRIENTS
proteins:+25 grams increases per day than normal
carbohydrates: 175 grams per day increases
fats: 40-90 grams of fat increases per day according to the total calories
zinc: 11mg increases
folate: 600 micro grams 
B12: 2.6 micro grams
iron: 27mg increases
calcium: AI does not increases
vitamin-D: AI does not increases
Calcium and Vitamin-D AI does not increases its absorption and storage increases.
Iron, Zinc, Vitamin-B12 and Folate are considered as the key nutrient in order to prevent pregnancy induced disorders. Theses nutrient are needed for the synthesis of DNA and new cells.
In addition to this a pregnant women also have to maintain a healthy weight of about 25-35 pounds. Most women gains more weight than the normal and this may lead to complications for the birth of baby.
weight gain supports growth and development of placenta, uterus, blood supply, fluid volume, breast and infant.
Most women thinks that they should not do any physical activity during pregnancy as it may harms baby  it is myth. Pregnant women can continue an exercise regimen that they had prior to get pregnant with some adjustments. Physical activity can improve fitness, manage and prevent gestational diabetes, facilitate labor, reduce fever, fewer discomforts, and strength to carry weight.
Common concerns of pregnancy include vomiting, diarrhea, morning sickness, hormonal changes, constipation and hemorrhoids, heart burn, pica, food craving and aversions. 

EFFECTS OF MAL NUTRITION DURING PREGNANCY:

MAL NOURISHMENT DURING PREGNANCY CAN MAY LEAD TO FERTILITY DISORDERS, POOR PLACENTAL DEVELOPMENT, RISK OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION, BIRTH DEFECTS, MISCARIAGES, STILL BIRTH, PREMATURE BIRTH, PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE ABNORMALITIES.

RISKS DURING PREGNANCY:

1. PRE-EXISTING HYPERTENSION:

If the pregnant women did not controlled its pre existing hypertension than it may lead to the risk of low birth weight infant, risk of placental separation and still birth.

2. GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION:

It is a kind of hypertension induced only during pregnancy. 50% are mild and causes no any adverse effect. however, 50% are the early sign and symptom of pre-eclampsia.

3. PRE-ECLAMPSIA:

Pre-elampsia is a pregnancy induced disorder in which due to gestational hypertension there is loss of protein in urine. It effects nearly all maternal organs and may causes a retardation in a fetal development. in some cases it also causes placental separation. causes of pre-eclapmsia are still unknown.

4. ECLAPSIA:

It is a sudden wave of contraction can may lead to seizure and coma.

NUTRITION FOR A LACTATING MOTHER AND A NEWBORN BABY:



It is highly recommended that the infant should be breast feed for about 12 months after its development and about 6 months an infant should be exclusively breast feed means that infant should not be given any food or liquid other than breast milk.
This is because breast milk provides optimal nutrition that the baby needs for its development. It is nutritionally superior to formula milks and contain nutrients like casine that an infant can easily digest it.  Breast milk are sterile and fresh and contain some immune factors that provides immunity to the baby. It also have cognitive benefits and prevent a baby from diseases in later life.
As, breast feeding also have significance for mother as well. It reduces the risk of pre-menopausal breast and uterine cancers and also increases mother infant bond.
The overall process of lactation are under hormonal control. prolactin and oxytocin are the two hormones responsible for the production of milk. prolactin works during daytime while oxytocin works at night for milk production.
Calorie requirement for a mother increases about 500 extra kilocalories after pregnancy. If the calorie and nutrient requirement are inadequate than it may effect the quantity not the quality of milk. In addition to total calories nutrient requirements also increases.
As the calories and nutrients that the mother are having nourishes the baby as well.
once the infant starts digestion than it can be slowly introduced with water and foods in chopped and mashed forms. solid food like boiled, cooked and mashed cereals, fruits and vegetables are considered as best for the babies of first year period. this period is considered as the most critical period for babies growth and development because the babies are triples their weight and height about 50% of its total. but even if the mother is introducing the solid food she must continue breast feeding as well. if she is giving the formula milk than she must take care of proper hygiene as the immunity of the baby are not completely developed yet a little infection can may effect the baby health. good nutrition and perfect care during this period can prevent a baby from future diseases.